Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and deadliest form of cancer worldwide. It arises when cells in the lung tissues undergo mutations and begin to multiply uncontrollably, forming tumours. The primary causes of lung cancer are linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, including smoking, air pollution, and exposure to carcinogens like chemicals and toxins.
Anatomy and Function of Lungs
The lungs are a pair of spongy, pinkish organs located in the inner cavity of the chest surrounding the heart. They facilitate gas exchange by inhaling oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. Air sacs called alveoli enable the exchange of oxygen into the blood and the removal of waste gases containing carbon dioxide. Prolonged exposure to harmful substances increases the risk of lung cancer as these materials can damage lung tissue over time.
Signs and Symptoms
- Persistent and prolonged cough
- Chest pain and hoarseness
- Shortness of breath
- Unexplained weight loss
- Wheezing
- Coughing up blood
These symptoms arise as cancerous cells form tumours, disrupting lung function and damaging surrounding tissues.
Causes of Lung Cancer
- Smoking: The leading cause, responsible for approximately 85% of cases. Passive smoking also significantly increases risk.
- Genetic Factors: Family history and genetic mutations (e.g., EGFR or KRAS genes) can predispose individuals to lung cancer.
- Previous Lung Diseases: Conditions such as COPD, tuberculosis, or pulmonary fibrosis elevate risk.
- Environmental Pollutants: Prolonged exposure to air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic gases.
- Lifestyle Factors: Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Occupational Exposure: Working in industries with exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, and radon gas increases risk.
- Radon Gas: A naturally occurring radioactive gas, the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking.
Epidemiology
In 2020, there were approximately 2.2 million new lung cancer cases worldwide, resulting in 1.8 million deaths. It is more prevalent in older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being 70 years. In India, lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with higher incidence among males due to smoking and pollution exposure.
Genetic Basis of Lung Cancer
- Suppression of Tumour Suppressor Genes: Leads to uncontrolled cell division and tumour formation.
- Activation of Oncogenes: Mutations in proto-oncogenes cause cancerous growth.
- Epigenetic Changes: Modifications like DNA methylation and histone changes contribute to tumour development.
Classification
- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Accounts for 85% of cases. Subtypes include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
- Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Accounts for 10-15% of cases, highly aggressive, and often metastasizes before diagnosis.
Allopathic Treatment
Allopathic treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, in advanced stages, the focus is on palliation rather than cure. Side effects such as fatigue, nausea, pain, and weakened immunity significantly impact the patient's quality of life.
Homeopathic Treatment of Lung Cancer
Homeopathy aims to stimulate the body's self-healing abilities using natural substances in minimal doses. It influences epigenetic pathways, potentially restoring tumour suppressor genes and suppressing oncogenes.
- Gene Modulation: Affects DNA methylation and histone modification to restore genetic balance.
- Immune Stimulation: Enhances immune response to recognize and fight cancer cells.
- Non-Toxicity: Homeopathic remedies have minimal side effects compared to conventional treatments.
Homeopathy offers a gentle, complementary approach to lung cancer treatment, focusing on immune system support and symptom relief without toxic side effects.